When the actual result deviates from the expected result, while testing a software application or product then it results into a defect. Hence, any deviation from the specification mentioned in the product functional specification document is a defect. In different organisations it is also called as a Bug.
If software misses some feature or function, from what is there in requirement it is called as a defect.
The Capability Maturity Model for Software (CMM or SW-CMM) is a model for judging the maturity of the software processes of an organization and for identifying the key practices that are required to increase the maturity of these processes.
Beta testing is testing of a release of a software product conducted by customers.
- What is Black Box Testing?
Testing based on an analysis of the specification of a piece of software without reference to its internal workings. The goal is to test how well the component conforms to the published requirements for the component.
- What is Bottom Up Testing?
An approach to integration testing where
the lowest level components are tested first, then used to facilitate the
testing of higher level components. The process is repeated until the component
at the top of the hierarchy is tested.
- What is Boundary Testing?
Test which focus on the boundary or limit
conditions of the software being tested. (Some of these tests are stress
tests).
- What is Boundary Value Analysis?
BVA is similar to Equivalence Partitioning
but focuses on "corner cases" or values that are usually out of range
as defined by the specification. This means that if a function expects all
values in range of negative 100 to positive 1000, test inputs would include
negative 101 and positive 1001.
Testing of all branches in the program
source code is called Branch Testing.
The generation of source code is called
Coding.
- What is Compatibility Testing?
Testing whether software is compatible with other elements of a system with which it should operate, e.g. Browsers, Operating Systems, Hardware.
A component is an identifiable part of a
larger program or construction. Usually, a component provides a particular
function or group of related functions.
- What is Component Testing?
Testing of individual software components
is called Component testing.
- What is Acceptance Testing?
Testing conducted to enable a user/customer
to determine whether to accept a software product. Normally performed to
validate the software meets a set of agreed acceptance criteria.
- What is Accessibility Testing?
Verifying a product is accessible to the
people having disabilities (deaf, blind, mentally disabled etc.).
A testing phase where the tester tries to
'break' the system by randomly trying the system's functionality is called Ad-hoc testing. This can include negative testing also.
Testing practice for projects using agile
methodologies, treating development as the customer of testing and emphasizing
a test-first design paradigm. See also Test Driven Development.
- What is Application Binary Interface (ABI)?
A specification defining requirements for
portability of applications in binary forms across different system platforms
and environments is called Application Binary Interface (ABI).
- What is Application Programming Interface (API)?
A formalized set of software calls and
routines that can be referenced by an application program in order to access
supporting system or network services is called Application Programming
Interface (API).
- What is Automated Software Quality (ASQ)?
The use of software tools, such as
automated testing tools, to improve software quality is called Automated
Software Quality (ASQ).
- What is Automated Testing?
Testing employing software tools which
execute tests without manual intervention is called Automated Testing. Can be
applied in GUI, performance, API, etc. testing. The use of software to control
the execution of tests, the comparison of actual outcomes to predicted
outcomes, the setting up of test preconditions, and other test control and test
reporting functions.
- What is Backus-Naur Form?
It is a meta-language used to formally
describe the syntax of a language.
A sequence of one or more consecutive,
executable statements containing no branches is called Basic Block.
- What is Basis Path Testing?
A white box test case design technique that
uses the algorithmic flow of the program to design tests.
The set of tests derived using basis path
testing.
The point at which some deliverable produced
during the software engineering process is put under formal change control.
- What is Binary Portability Testing?
Testing an executable application for
portability across system platforms and environments, usually for conformation
to an ABI specification is called Binary Portability Testing.
A test suite that exercises the full
functionality of a product but does not test features in detail is called
Breadth Testing.
Computer Aided Software Testing refers to
the computing-based processes, techniques and tools for testing software
applications or programs.
- What is Capture/Replay Tool?
A test tool that records test input as it
is sent to the software under test. The input cases stored can then be used to
reproduce the test at a later time. Most commonly applied to GUI test tools.
- What is Cause Effect Graph?
A graphical representation of inputs and
the associated outputs effects which can be used to design test cases.
Phase of development where functionality is
implemented entirety; bug fixes are all that are left. All functions found in
the Functional Specifications have been implemented.
An analysis method that determines which
parts of the software have been executed (covered) by the test case suite and
which parts have not been executed and therefore may require additional
attention.
A formal testing technique where the
programmer reviews source code with a group who ask questions analysing the
program logic, analysing the code with respect to a checklist of historically
common programming errors and analysing its compliance with coding standards.
Know more about the Inspection in software testing.
- What is Code Walkthrough?
A formal testing technique where source
code is traced by a group with a small set of test cases, while the state of
program variables is manually monitored, to analyse the programmer's logic and
assumptions. Know more about Walkthrough in software testing.
- What is Concurrency Testing?
Multi-user testing geared towards
determining the effects of accessing the same application code, module or
database records. Identifies and measures the level of locking, deadlocking and
use of single-threaded code and locking semaphores.
- What is Conformance Testing?
Conformance testing, also known as
compliance testing, is a methodology used in engineering to ensure that a
product, process, computer program or system meets a defined set of standards.
- What is Context Driven Testing?
The context-driven school of software
testing is flavour of Agile Testing that advocates continuous and creative
evaluation of testing opportunities in light of the potential information
revealed and the value of that information to the organization right now.
- What is Conversion Testing?
Testing of programs or procedures used to
convert data from existing systems for use in replacement systems.
- What is Cyclomatic Complexity?
A measure of the logical complexity of an
algorithm, used in white-box testing is called Cyclomatic Complexity.
A database that contains definitions of all
data items defined during analysis.
- What is Data Flow Diagram?
A data flow diagram (DFD) is a graphical
representation of the "flow" of data through an information system,
modelling its process aspects.
- What is Data Driven Testing?
Testing in which the action of a test case
is parameterised by externally defined data values, maintained as a file or
spreadsheet. This is a common technique used in Automated Testing.
The process of finding and removing the
causes of software failures is called Debugging.
When actual result deviates from the
expected result while testing a software application or product then it results
into a defect.
- What is Dependency Testing?
Dependency Testing, a testing technique in
which an application's requirements are pre-examined for an existing software,
initial states in order to test the proper functionality. The impacted areas of
the application are also tested when testing the new features or existing
features.
A test that exercises a feature of a
product in full detail is called Depth testing
Testing software through executing it is
called Dynamic testing. Also know about Static Testing.
A device, computer program, or system that
accepts the same inputs and produces the same outputs in a given system is
called Emulator.
- What is Endurance Testing?
Checks for memory leaks or other problems
that may occur with prolonged execution.
- What is End-to-End testing?
Testing a complete application environment
in a situation that mimics real-world use, such as interacting with a database,
using network communications, or interacting with other hardware, applications,
or systems if appropriate is called End-to-End testing.
- What is Equivalence Class?
A portion of a component's input or output
domains for which the component's behaviour is assumed to be the same from the
component's specification.
- What is Equivalence Partitioning?
A test case design technique for a
component in which test cases are designed to execute representatives from
equivalence classes.
- What is Exhaustive Testing?
Testing which covers all combinations of
input values and preconditions for an element of the software under test.
- What is Functional Decomposition?
A technique used during planning, analysis
and design; creates a functional hierarchy for the software.
- What is Functional Specification?
A document that describes in detail the
characteristics of the product with regard to its intended features is called
Functional Specification.
- What is Functional Testing?
Testing the features and operational
behaviour of a product to ensure they correspond to its specifications. Testing
that ignores the internal mechanism of a system or component and focuses solely
on the outputs generated in response to selected inputs and execution
conditions or Black Box Testing.
- What is Glass Box Testing?
White Box Testing is also known as Glass
Box testing.
Gorilla Testing is a testing technique in
which sometimes developers also join hands with testers to test a particular
module thoroughly in all aspects.
- What is Gray Box Testing?
A combination of Black Box and White Box
testing methodologies is called Gray box testing. Testing a piece of software
against its specification but using some knowledge of its internal workings.
- What is High Order Tests?
Black-box tests conducted once the software
has been integrated.
- What is Independent Test Group (ITG)?
A group of people whose primary
responsibility is software testing. Know more about Independent testing.
A group review quality improvement process
for written material. It consists of two aspects; product (document itself)
improvement and process improvement (of both document production and
inspection).
- What is Integration Testing?
After integrating two different components
together we do the integration testing. Integration testing is usually
performed after unit and functional testing. This type of testing is especially
relevant to client/server and distributed systems.
- What is Installation Testing?
Installation testing is a kind of quality
assurance work in the software industry that focuses on what customers will
need to do to install and set up the new software successfully. The testing
process may involve full, partial or upgrades install/uninstall processes.
A load testing is a type of software
testing which is conducted to understand the behaviour of the application under
a specific expected load. Also see Performance Testing.
- What is Localization Testing?
This term refers to making software
specifically designed for a specific locality.
A white box testing technique that
exercises program loops in order to validate them.
Metric is a standard of measurement. Software
metrics are the statistics describing the structure or content of a program. A
metric should be a real objective measurement of something such as number of
bugs per lines of code.
Testing a system or an Application on the
fly, i.e just few tests here and there to ensure the system or an application
does not crash out.
- What is Negative Testing?
Testing aimed at showing software does not
work. This is also known as "test to fail". See also Positive
Testing.
Testing in which all paths are in the
program source code are tested at least once.
- What is Performance Testing?
Testing conducted to evaluate the
compliance of a system or component with specified performance requirements.
Often this is performed using an automated test tool to simulate large number
of users.
- What is Positive Testing?
Testing aimed at showing software works.
This is also known as "test to pass".
- What is Quality Assurance?
All those planned or systematic actions
necessary to provide adequate confidence that a product or service is of the
type and quality needed and expected by the customer.
A systematic and independent examination to
determine whether quality activities and related results comply with planned
arrangements and whether these arrangements are implemented effectively and are
suitable to achieve objectives.
A group of individuals with related
interests that meet at regular intervals to consider problems or other matters
related to the quality of outputs of a process and to the correction of
problems or to the improvement of quality.
The operational techniques and the
activities used to fulfil and verify requirements of quality.
- What is Quality Management?
That aspect of the overall management
function that determines and implements the quality policy.
In quality management system, a quality
policy is a document jointly developed by management and quality experts to
express the quality objectives of the organization, the acceptable level of
quality and the duties of specific departments to ensure quality.
The organizational structure,
responsibilities, procedures, processes, and resources for implementing quality
management is called Quality System.
A race condition is an undesirable
situation that occurs when a device or system attempts to perform two or more
operations at the same time, but because of the nature of the device or system,
the operations must be done in the proper sequence to be done correctly.
Continuously raising an input signal until
the system breaks down.
- What is Recovery Testing?
Recovery testing confirms that the program
recovers from expected or unexpected events without loss of data or
functionality. Events can include shortage of disk space, unexpected loss of
communication, or power out conditions.
- What is Regression Testing?
Retesting a previously tested program
following modification to ensure that faults have not been introduced or
uncovered as a result of the changes made is called Regression testing.
- What is Release Candidate?
A pre-release version, which contains the
desired functionality of the final version, but which needs to be tested for
bugs (which ideally should be removed before the final version is released).
Brief test of major functional elements of
a piece of software to determine if its basically operational. See also Smoke
Testing.
- What is Scalability Testing?
Performance testing focused on ensuring the
application under test gracefully handles increases in work load.
- What is Security Testing?
Testing which confirms that the program can
restrict access to authorised personnel and that the authorised personnel can
access the functions available to their security level.
In Software testing context, smoke testing
refers to testing the basic functionality of the build.
Running a system at high load for a
prolonged period of time is called Soak testing. For example; run several times
more transactions in an entire day (or night) than would be expected in a busy
day, to identify the performance problems that appear after a large number of
transactions have been executed.
- What is Software Requirements Specification?
A deliverable that describes all data,
functional and behavioural requirements, all constraints, and all validation
requirements for software.
- What is Software Testing?
A
set of activities conducted with the intent of finding errors in software.
Analysis of a program carried out without
executing the program.
A tool that carries out static analysis is
called Static Analyser.
Analysis of a program carried out without
executing the program.
Testing that verifies the program under
test stores data files in the correct directories and that it reserves
sufficient space to prevent unexpected termination resulting from lack of
space. This is external storage as opposed to internal storage.
Testing conducted to evaluate a system or
component at or beyond the limits of its specified requirements to determine
the load under which it fails and how. Often this is performance testing using
a very high level of simulated load.
- What is Structural Testing?
Testing based on an analysis of internal
workings and structure of a piece of software. See also White Box Testing.
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